The Underlying Factors Of Curiosity - 1412 Words

When humans are born and experience sight for the first time, they start upon an involuntary journey of discovery. As senses develop, infants find themselves surrounded by limitless stimuli and sources of perplexity. Surprisingly, through the noise of this new environment, questions begin to take root: Who is she? What is that? Where am I? This curiosity, or the desire to learn something, emerges uninvited when faced with the unknown, and is present from birth (Berlyne, 1950). In some cases, by following these mental itches, one can discover a facet of existence previously unbeknownst to her or possibly anyone else. However, sometimes there are dire consequences from taking an uncharted path. Through this paper, I consider the underlying†¦show more content†¦This area of the brain plays a central role in managing reward-oriented behaviors, and is now believed to be fundamental in the formation of curiosity. Additionally, the same region is responsible for addiction, which sh ows a parallel between the desire for information and the craving for something harmful. The drive one feels to answer a question or challenge a presupposition is evidently meant to result in a feeling of pleasure; thus, on a neurological level, curiosity should accompany a release of dopamine, serotonin, or other opioid chemicals (Berlyne, 1960). Most forms of pleasure seeking behavior are attempted because, sometime in the past, a similar action resulted in a discharge of dopamine. Dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters, but it is also a major cause of addiction. Certain pleasurable activities, some as benign as solving problems or eating food, will result in increased dopamine levels. On the other hand, dopamine can also be released in the presence of negative stimuli, such as pain. What this relationship shows is that dopamine is a motivational factor, both in seeking pleasure and avoiding displeasure; yet, the important takeaway is that curiosity, just like giving in to addiction, is acted upon in the anticipation of satisfaction, when in reality it may end adversely (Jordan, 2005). Physiological Factors Unlike the neurological aspects, the physiological changes associated with curiosity are not as

Childhood Poverty And Its Effects On Children And Families

Abstract Educators and caregivers must understand that children come from diverse backgrounds. Children who live in poverty or low-income families face many challenges. When a child is from a low-income family, you must know and understand the obstacles the child and their families may face. There are many ways living in poverty can affect children and families; educationally, physically, and emotionally, cognitively, and socially. There are resources available and beneficial information to encourage and benefit families who live in poverty or low-income families. Childhood poverty comes along with stress and safety. Children who grow up in low-income families have less interaction with their families which leads to less cognitive stimulation. They also don’t have access to healthy foods, which affect healthy brain development. According to Hanson JL, Hair N, Shen DG, Shi F, Gilmore JH, et al., infants, toddlers and preschoolers from low-income families develop lower gray matter compared with those from middle and high-income households (Hanson et al.,2013). According to the article Poverty and the Developing Brain: Insights from Neuroimaging article by Sheeva Azma, poverty is linked to emotional processing and memory environmental factors of poverty may have on a child’s behavior and academic performance in school that poverty causes physical changes to a child’s brain (Azma,2013). Poverty can affect a child’s development from a mild range or severe. This isShow MoreRelatedA Family s Economic Deprivation Most Dominant Factor Of A Child s Health1305 Words   |  6 Pages This article subjects two main research questions. First, how is a family’s economic deprivation influential to children? And second, how does timing and duration of family economic deprivation impact the development of children? Key Research Findings: The article states that family income is the most dominant factor of a child’s cognitive development out of all other conventional measures such as ethnicity, female headship or maternal education. However income and economic status only has a faintRead MoreChild Poverty And Its Effects On Children s Adjustment1473 Words   |  6 PagesChild poverty is a major issue in the United States. Poverty can be associated with violence, abuse, malnutrition, problems with learning ability and school achievement and inadequate healthcare, which can negatively affect the developmental process of a child. Poverty indirectly impacts children’s adjustment and the ability to successfully adapt in the environment. This can affect the health of children and lead to psychological disorders. While it seems impossible to completely eliminate childhoodRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Middle Childhood Development1403 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty can have a strong influence on various kinds of development throughout middle childhood. It can alter socioemotional development, cognitive development, and physical health. (Evans, 2013). Parenting practices, neighborhoods, and overall environment play a significant role regarding to the emotional and physical health during development in middle childhood. Disruption with physical and emotional health could potentially cause harm to the child. In this essay, I will explain how poverty affectsRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Poverty1448 Words   |  6 PagesStudy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Poverty during pregnancy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Facts and Consequences About being born into poverty...4 Being Born Into Poverty Essay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Some People Who Were Born Into Poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6-7 Ways To Stay Out Of Poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 How Poverty Will Affect You Life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 How I Will Stay Out Of Poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 Recent Study: The U.S. child poverty rate has fluctuated between 15 andRead More Childhood Poverty Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesup from the lower class and the majority does not succeed. Childhood poverty is a large problem in the U.S. It is said that the poorest people in the United States are the children of the lower class. Childhood poverty could lead to a number of problems such as hunger, violence, physical and mental disabilities, educational problems, homelessness, family stress, sickness, and too-early parenthood. The sad truth is that living in poverty lowers a child’s chance to grow into a healthy, well-adjustedRead MoreMultiple Stressors On Children s Blood Pressure Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesstressors. Multiple stressors in childhood were found by Evans and English (2002) to yield a large effect on children in low-income households. It was discovered that children who are from low-income families usually face more than one life stressor at a time compared to childre n residing in middle-income households. In addition, when testing for children’s personal psychological well-being of themselves, Evans and English (2002) found that poverty-stricken children scored themselves as having lowerRead MoreState of America’s Children: Child Poverty Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ State of America’s Children: Child Poverty Argosy University Online November 20, 2013 Abstract America is one of the riches countries in the world it is home to approximately 406 billionaires and many millionaires, babies are being born into poverty about every 32 seconds everyday (Children’s Defense Fund, 2010). The Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) reports one is every five children are born in to poverty and children constitute for the poorest age group in America (Children’sRead MoreEssay Contemporary Poverty in the United Kingdom766 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: This report will focus on contemporary poverty in the UK although poverty is different globally, it will look at childhood in general and show the effect that poverty has on the experiences of childhood. The report will define poverty and use statistics and government policy on poverty. Three sources will be analysed, for the academic my main source is on the book of Ridge (2002) which is Childhood Poverty and Social Exclusion from a Childs perspective, next for media source it isRead MoreBecoming A Licensed Clinical Social Worker1192 Words   |  5 Pagesof the most significant contemporary social issues: childhood poverty persistence. Child poverty rates have ranged between 15 percent and 23 percent over the past four decades. These rates, however, do not reveal how long children live in poverty. Many families cycle in and out of poverty over time while others remain poor for many years. Persistent poverty among children is of particular concern for our society as the cumulative effect of being poor may lead to especially negative outcomesRead MoreThe Effects Of Poverty On Childhood Development924 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between poverty, lower socioeconomic status (SES), and childhood development. While poverty can be directly linked to negative developments in terms of health status it is also indirectly linked to other important factors such as; mental health, physiological wellbeing and education, all of which have major impacts on childhood development which can also be transferred into adulthood. This essay aims to evaluate the literature available on the effects of poverty on childhood development and

Ray ban report free essay sample

My marketing report will be based around the American brand Ray Ban. Ray Ban were founded in 1937 by Bausch Lomb were the glasses first purpose were protecting US army pilots from glare of the sun and altitude sickness when flying high. A new type of glasses were introduced to stop this from happening called Aviator this name of sunglasses is still living strong in 2013. In 1999 Bausch Lomb sold the sunglasses grand to an Italian group called Luxottica for a reported $640 million. Ray Ban is now a well-known and successful company and it holds a large share in the global eyewear market. They now own 35 brand names in eyewear and are continuously expanding. Part 1 Target market Ray Bans target market changed over time as in the 1930s ray ban specifically made the sunglasses for US air pilots the first photographs that were taken of the product were of army generals from then on the success of Ray Ban continued. The 1940’s-1950’s Ray Ban had been seen as a symbol of rock and roll and worn by the top artist. It then progressed in the 1960’s of an accessory for Hollywood stars and a large accessory for females. In the 1970’s ray ban was perceived as a glamorous item and extremely stylish and modern to both men and women. Then from the 1980’s onwards ray ban markets to the everyday person from every background. In the year of 2013 Ray Ban generally targets everyone from any age as it is a well-known brand appeals to most of the market. Marketing communuctaions Ray Ban have been known to use various different marketing communications to convey there message the most recent marketing capagn launched in 2007 by them is called Ray Ban ledgends communication campain where it tells the history and spirit of 75 years of Never hide. Never hide is a motto Ray ban use and Is based on having the courage to be yourself and freely express your personality. Seven pictures were released to show the icons and ledgends of the past present and future. These are seven legendary moment in time all inspired by real life and every character wears ray ban. The pictures were named on the company wesite these were, A group of pilots, the Blue Devils, in the 1930s; a writer’s â€Å"relationship† in the heart of America in the 1940s; a singer-songwriter who worked with Elvis Presley in the 1950s; an English socialite in the 1960s; a boy and girl falling in love during a protest in the 1970s; the nightlife of three girls in the 1980s, and a courageous rapper in the 1990s. (Luxottica 2012). In april 2012 the Ray Ban ledgends campain was released and used across a wide range of communication channels including both traditional and digital communications stratergies. These were as follows Press Posters Rayban. com website Iphone apps (Ray-Ban Never Hide) Facebook How do they cmpliment the messege Marketing mix Product The product helps with the marketing campaign as is shown that Ray Ban are still a market leader and have been around for over 70 years. The pictures from the campaign are in different eras so the Ray Ban products show the different styles and types of glasses is has created from when it began in 1937. Price Ray ban offer a wide range of products that differ in pice depending on the style and type of glasses/lenses. In the pictures shown in the marketing campagn the pictures show different ages and working classes so this compliments the fact that Ray Ban can offer affordable but also expensive glasses to suit all. Place Where the marketing promotion was posted via traditional and digital stratergies which all lead to the Ray Bans website were a purchase can be made. This contributes to the place on the marketing mix as it gives access to the different distribution channels arounfd the worlds where customers can buy the product. Promotion The campaign compliments the promotion by using these pictures of people wearing a Ray Ban product and sending it across all of the communication strategies were people can see the product being worn by different people with different styles. It also reaches most of the audience as Ray Ban has used a wide range of strategies. Recommendations The recommendations I would give to Ray Ban would be to use more sources of social media within marketing communication this way it can reach more people as most people don’t just use Facebook they may use for example Twitter. Another great idea would be to activate an Instagram account this is a social media that uses only pictures to communicate and would be a great tool to get the marketing message across. I would also recommend Ray Ban in using video to advertise and possibly tell the story clearer than you can from just looking at a photo. Although these photos have seem to work I would think a clearer understanding can be made of the message they are trying to get across this can be done via TV advertisement or social media i. e. uploading videos to Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. I think a great way for Ray Ban doing a great job in marketing communications but don’t have much feedback from their customers on how they think the glasses are and why there a great buy. I think Ray Ban should use an incentive for example a discount on their next purchase or a chance to win a free pair of Ray Ban sunglasses to leave feedback on their experience with Ray Ban and use this in there marketing strategy. I think this a great way of communicating with the customers and gives a new customer an idea of how good the glasses really are. Overall the company are doing a great job in marketing communications from what I have researched they have almost every aspect covered. Part 2 Television Advertising A commercial advertisement on television usually abbreviated in the UK as an advert. This is a span of television programming paid for by an organisation for example Ray Ban which produces a message typically to market a product or service. This type of advertising has been used to promote a wide variety of products, services and ideas since the making of television. As said in the Journal of Advertising, (Jin. H. S 2013 p243), television advertising still remains the most dominant which typical consumers are exposed. I agree with this as most of the UK population watch television and I feel this is one of the best ways to market any type of product or service as it will reach the most people. There are many different strengths and weaknesses of advertising on television but with this being arguably the best way of advertising I would say that the strengths overpower the weaknesses. Some of the strengths are that television is a convenient and flexible way of advertising to a widespread popularity with ease. It is also a great for reaching millions of viewers nationally and internationally. Strengths on television advertising are that it is possible to make a strong impact in a small amount of time. This can be done by organisations using visual and audio effects. Marketers use sound, drama, and motion in order to ensure that they produce a strong and persuasive message. To do this it also involves understand the customer in the book Beyond Traditional Marketing, (Kashani ,2005, p46) â€Å"in traditional marketing, we develop expertise in the customers differentiation and market segments, and in how the customer buys. † this meaning that the organisation studies the customer and determines how they can persuade them to buy their product or service. I believe this is one of the first and most important steps to take before planning and producing an advertisement on television. Advertising on television also has its weaknesses one of these being the cost. The cost of a television advert is considerably more expensive than any other forms of marketing such as magazine radio and internet advertising, in the academic journal (Srinivasan,S 2013 p93) â€Å"Marketers pay great sums of money for television advertising time, and it is in their best interest to increase the number of viewers who see their advertisements† . So even though it is an expensive way of advertising it will be worth the expense in the long run. The range of cost is normally the length of airtime being used on television. It also ranges from how many viewers a specific programme has at the time of year the advertisement is being shown. Online Advertising After reading the book online advertising (Behboudi,M 2012 p19) I realised that there can be just as efficient and cost efficient ways of advertising. This book states that the best form of advertising is where it is in best possible reach of customers and also possibilities for feedback. Online advertising uses the internet to access a range of sites to deliver a promotional marketing message to potential customers. This includes email marketing, search engine marketing i. e. Google and social media marketing. Internet marketing can also include many different types of displays on general sites and mobile sites such as a web banner. Much more companies have started using this type of advertising as it is a rapidly growing market and more and more people are using the internet every day. To show the amount of increase in users in the book (The Best Digital Marketing Campaigns in the World, Ryan and Jones p12) in 208 the researched how many of the population were using the internet worldwide and it was around 1. 3 billion people. They had stats on the amount of users in 2010 at 2 billion people worldwide. This shows an increase of 700,000 people and just proves how fast the internet is growing. In the journal (Journal of Advertising Research, Flosi, Stephanie; Fulgoni, Gian; Vollman, Andrea 2013 p192) it states â€Å"Across the globe, digital media have become an important component of many advertisers marketing mix. Just as there has been exceptionally tremendous growth in terms of the volume of digital advertising, the digital ecosystem itself also has experienced a profound evolution. † I think this is a perfect way of describing the importance of the growing market and distinguishes how important online marketing will be in the future. Within internet marketing there are again strengths and weaknesses. Strengths of internet advertising are that the internet allows an organisation to advertise and reach significantly more people than some of the traditional advertising techniques at just a small cost. Internet advertising is idea for a national and international target market as these can be accessed easily through the internet as if it was advertising in a UK magazine it wouldn’t reach international consumers or the amount of people that you could online. It is also arguably the most cost efficient way to advertise it is also easier to target consumers ensuring that the message is seen by the most relevant audience. Disadvantages of online advertisement are that organisations marketing materials are automatically available for anyone in the world to copy and use to their advantage regardless of any legal ramifications. Images such as logos and trademarks can be copied and used for commercial purposes even slander or to mock the company as for television and magazine this cannot be copied electronically. Another disadvantaging being that consumers receive a large amount of spam and web adds cluttering their computer or phone so in some cases the advertisement will be ignored. Conclusion The impact the digital media has made on the marketing and business has been huge and is still changing as digital media is still growing online and also through mobile marketing. (Digital Marketing, Chaffey, 2012) Talks about how digital marketing has changed ever since the first website in 1991 with over one billion people using the web to find products. I agree with this as finding products and services online is more efficient and convenient for a consumer. It also says â€Å"To succeed in the future organisations will need marketers, strategists and agencies with up to date knowledge of how to apply digital media such as web, email, mobile and internet TV. † I believe that in this day and future that these types of digital media will prove crucial in a businesses success.

System Studies and Technological Advances

Question: Discuss about the System Studies and Technological Advances. Answer: Introduction: In this experiment ischemia can be triggered by the mediators released from the tissues. Receptors specific to the cardiomyocytes like A1 and A3, bradykinin B2, 1-adrenergic, AT1 angiotensin II, muscarinic M2, and -opioid receptors can be stimulated by the released mediators. Both single and multiple pathway ischemia protection can be achieved by using freshly isolated cardiomyocytes. Isolated cardiomyocytes experiment would be valuable tool for the evaluation of the mechanistic insight of the ischemia. In comparison with the whole heart experiment, use of cardiomyocytes would be helpful in eliminating endothelial cells and fibroblasts, which would affect analysis. Pure cardiomyocytes would give more robust analysis of desired cell signaling as compared to the whole heart. Visibility using microscope is the most prominent advantage of cardiomyocytes. More number of cells can be made available in freshly isolated cardiomyocytes as compared to the cell cultures. Limitations: Isolated cardiomyocytes cannot be used for longer time and repeated use of cardiomyocytes is not possible. In the isolation of cardiomyocytes from blood vessel and extracellular matrix, there is the possibility of loss of vital features of pathophysiology of ischemia. Isolated cardiomyocytes are not capable of reproducing ischemia mechanisms similar to the whole heart 1 . Methods: Cardiomyocytes will be isolated form isolated heart by enzymatic digestion using calcium-free medium containing collagenase and trypsin. Isolated cardiomyocytes will be centrifuged at very slow speed to get pellet with fluid spread over pellet with fluid volume of one-third volume of the pellet. Supernatant will be covered with oil and will be incubated at 37C. Preconditioning will be performed by incubation in the absence of glucose. Evaluation of occurrence of ischemia and effect of Bob on the ischemia in cardiomyocytes will be evaluated using Tryptan Blue staining. Four set of isolated cardiomyocytes will be there like normal cardiomyocytes, ischemia induced cardiomyocytes, ischemia induced cardiomyocytes incubated with different concentrations of Bob and cardiomyocytes incubated with Cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A will be used as positive control in this experiment. Cyclosporin A was already evaluated in the cardiomyocytes ischemia experiment and it was proved that Cyclosporin A exhibited its action through cytochrome C which is the mechanism of action Bob. Negative control will be used without any treatment and it will useful in the evaluation of induction of the ischemia in the isolated cardiomyocytes. Following are the end results of this experiment. Viability of the cells using Tryptan Blue will be useful in the evaluating recovery of cardiomyocytes from ischemia after treatment with Bob. Autofluorescence of NADH in the mitochondrial matrix will be evaluated to assess the redox state of the cardiomyocytes. This redox state will be helpful in inferring the severity of ischemia in negative control, Bob treated cardiomyocytes and Cyclosporin A treated cardiomyocytes. Langendoorf rat heart perfusion set up to allow ischemia-reperfusion Objective: To evaluate effect of Bob on myocardial ischemia in Langendoorf rat heart perfusion. Rationale: Langendorff isolated heart is a robust model for evaluating ischemia reperfusion injury. Advantages: Langendoorf rat heart perfusion set up can be used to evaluate real-time pharmacological treatments. It is also useful to get the uniform size of the infracted tissue and also useful in the application of drug directly to the myocardium. In vivo models are useful only in the end point analysis ischemia reperfusion injury, while Langendoorf rat heart perfusion is also useful in the functional analysis of the ischemia reperfusion in real time. Limitations: Isolated heart is continuously deteriorating and it can be useful only for short duration. Isolated heart preparations are denerveted and due to this exact pathological ischemia are difficult to achieve. Methods: Heart will be isolated. Aorta will be cannulated to the reservoir containing oxygenated perfusion fluid. Perfusion fluid will be contained in the sintered glass jacketed reservoir above the isolated heart. Regional ischemia will be induced by perfusing heart with KrebsHenseleit solution. Perfusion will be continued for 15 minutes and ischemia will be induced for 30 minutes. Apoptotic cells will be identified by the dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) using CardioTACS. Heart tissue will be fixed in the 3.7 % formaldehyde for 24 hours and will be embedded in the paraffin. Mitochondria will be isolated and mitochondrial respiration will be measured using Clarke-type oxygen electrotode. Cyclosporin A will be used in the washing buffer. Skinned cardiac fibers will be prepared and these fibers will be used for measurement of oxygen uptake. Level of cytochrome c will be measured by solubilizing cardiac fibers in Triton X-100. Cytochrome c will be measured using western blotting. Protei ns will be identified using primary monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome c using ECL western blotting detection reagents. Caspase activity in the heart homogenate will be measured in sucrose based medium. Cytosolic protein will be incubated with buffer and z-DEVD-pnitroanilide which is a caspase 3substrate. Caspase will be measured using spectrophotometer at 405 nm. Cyclosporin A will be used as positive control in this experiment. Heart will be preperfused with Cyclosporine A for about 15 minutes. Cyclosporine A protects heart from ischemia by preventing loss of cytochrome c. Use of Cyclosporine A is valid in this experiment because, Bob also exhibits similar mechanism of action. In this experiment, negative control will be without any type of treatment. This negative control will be useful in the evaluation of induction of ischemia and also evaluation of treatment effect of Bob and cyclosporine A. Results: Cyclosporine A and Bob will be reducing level of cytochrome c release from the ischemic isolated rat heart. Pretreatment of heart with Cyclosporine A and Bob will be resulting in the no decrease in the respiratory rate of mitochondria which will be measured using membrane potential. Also, dependence of cytochrome release on caspase will be evaluated in this experiment. Cyclospprine A and Bob will be inhibiting ischemia-induced caspase activation. Transient coronary artery ligation Objective: To evaluate effect of Bob on transient coronary artery ligation model of ischemia-reperfusion. Rationale: Transient coronary artery ligation model exhibits exact ischemia pathology. Advantages: Availability of experimental rat makes this model more feasible. Possibility of genetic modification in rat leads to the development of more specific model. Possibility of reperfusion makes this model make more clinically relevant because reperfusion always occurs in clinical setting prior to treatment. Ischemic period can be effectively controlled in this model based on the requirement of the intervention. Limitations: Variability of infract size is more in this rat surgical model. Variation of the infract size is mainly depends on the location of ligation, hence it is very important to select same location for all the animals in the study. Range of infract size is between 20 90 % of the entire left ventricle and as a result this model requires large number of animals in a study. Variability due to modification in the surgical procedure has also been reported from different laboratories. Also, there is reported variability due to different time of analysis. Despite the benefits of reperfusion, there is the possibility of damage of part of the myocardium 8-9. Methods: Rats will be approved from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Rats will be housed and procedure will be carried out in the aseptic condition. Rats will be anesthetized with suitable anesthetic agent. Chest and neck region of the rat will be shaved and will be placed in supine position under a stereomicroscope. Transient coronary artery ligation will be performed by making incision in the skin, chest muscle will be separated and thoracotomy will be performed in the fourth intercostals space. Pericardium will be removed and left coronary artery will ligated at 1 mm distal end of the tip of left auricle with the help of 7-0 polypropylene suture. Ligated artery will be released after 30 minutes of ischemia. Rats survived after surgery will be assigned to different treatment groups like curaglutide and Bob. Sham control group will performed with the similar surgical procedure without ligation of the coronary artery. Drugs will be administered to the animals intraperitoneally at different time points after reperfusion like 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes. Sham control animals will be treated with normal saline. An additional set of animals will be utilized for the evaluation of caspase 3 activity. Each sample will be homogenized with RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor and will be centrifuged. Fluorescence of the protein in treatment groups will be measured and will be compared with protein of the sham treated group to evaluate activity of caspase 3 activity. Tunnel assay will be performed to measure apoptotic rate. After the antigen retrieval it will be incubated with monoclonal antibody against actin and it will be stained with 6-diamidino-2-phenylinidole (DAPI) 10-12. Curaglutide will be used as positive control as it already proved its efficacy in the transient coronary artery ligation model. Negative control will be considered as the group with surgery without any type of treatment. Results obtained will be decrease in the caspase 3 activity and reduction in the infract size. Other hemodynamic parameters will also be evaluated like left ventricular systolic pressure and heart rate. References: Diaz, RJ, and Wilson GJ. Studying ischemic preconditioning in isolated cardiomyocyte models. Cardiovascular Research, vol. 70, no. 2, 2006, pp. 286-96. Lolita, Portal, Valrie, Martin, and Rana, Assaly. A Model of Hypoxia-Reoxygenation on Isolated Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes Characterization, Comparison With Ischemia-Reperfusion, and Application to the Cardioprotective Effect of Regular Treadmill Exercise. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 18, no. 4, 2013, pp. 367-375. Eva, M Caldern-Snchez , Alejandro, Domnguez-Rodrguez, Jos, Lpez-Haldn, and Manuel Jimnez-Navarro. Cardioprotective Effect of Ranolazine in the Process of Ischemia-reperfusion in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes. Revista Espaola de Cardiologa, Vol. 69, no. 1, 2015, pp. 45-53. Ronglih, Liao, Bruno, K. Podesser, and Chee, Chew Lim. The continuing evolution of the Langendorff and ejecting murine heart: new advances in cardiac phenotyping. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 303, no. 2, 2012, pp. H156H167. Vilmante, Borutaite, Aiste, Jekabsone, Ramune, Morkuniene, and Guy, C. Brown Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition prevents mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release and apoptosis induced by heart ischemia. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 35, 2003, pp. 357366. Olejnickova, V, Novakova, M, and Provaznik, I. Isolated heart models: cardiovascular system studies and technological advances. Search Results. Medical Biological Engineering Computing, vol. 53, no. 7, 2015, pp. 669-78. Bell, RM, Mocanu, MM, and Yellon, DM. Retrograde heart perfusion: the Langendorff technique of isolated heart perfusion. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 50, no. 6, 2011, pp. 940-50. Garcia-Dorado, D, Ruiz-Meana, M, and Piper, HM. Lethal reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction: facts and unresolved issues. Cardiovascular Research, vol. 83, 2009, pp. 165168. Toldo, S, Breckenridge, DG, Mezzaroma, E, Van Tassell, BW, Shryock, J, Kannan, H, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2012, 1:e002360. doi:10.1161/JAHA.112.002360. Preda, MB, and Burlacu, A. Electrocardiography as a tool for validating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion procedures in mice. Comparative Medicine, vol. 60, no. 6, 2010, pp. 443-7. Javier, Inserte, Maria, Cardona, Marcos, Poncelas-Nozal, Vctor, Hernando, and rsula, Vilardosa. Studies on the role of apoptosis after transient myocardial ischemia: genetic deletion of the executioner caspases-3 and -7 does not limit infarct size and ventricular remodeling. Basic Research in Cardiology, vol. 111, no. 18, 2016, 10.1007/s00395-016-0537-6. Oerlemans, MI, Koudstaal, S, Chamuleau, SA, de Kleijn, DP, Doevendans, PA, and Sluijter, JP. Targeting cell death in the reperfused heart: pharmacological approaches for cardioprotection. International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 165, 2016, pp. 410422.

Market Segmentation and Branding

Executive Summary This report entails a comprehensive analysis of the concept of market segmentation. In the report, the researcher is aimed at developing a concrete understanding of how business organizations undertake market segmentation. Additionally, the report also involves an evaluation of how organizations apply branding in their operation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Market Segmentation and Branding specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report is organized into two parts. In the first part, the researcher conducts a review of different elements of market segmentation. In this section, the report analyzes the process of market segmentation. This is achieved by evaluating the various steps that organizations undertake in their market segmentation effort. Seven steps are evaluated. The section also illustrates the various forms of market segmentation that are integrated by organizations. These include ge ographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, benefit segmentation, volume segmentation and psychographic segmentation. The researcher also evaluates the benefits associated with market segmentation. In the second part, the researcher evaluates the branding process in organization. This part is composed of a number of sections. The first section entails an evaluation of the branding process. Six steps are evaluated. These include market analysis, brand architecture, the big idea, and market communication, employee involvement and brand measurement. The second part also entails an evaluation of the benefits of branding. Finally, a conclusion and a number of recommendations are outlined. Introduction Background to the study The success of business firms in different economic sectors is dependent on the effectiveness with which they undertake their marketing activities (Baines, Fill Page, 2008, p.76). To attain this, the management teams have to take incorporate various marketing c oncepts. One of these concepts is market segmentation. According to Wedel and Kamakura (2000, p.3), market segmentation is a critical component of marketing. Brennan, Canning and McDowell (2011, p.171) asserts that firms have to be excellent market segmenters considering the dynamic and hypercompetitive nature of the business environment. In the 21st century, globalization has become a common phenomenon thus presenting the consumers with a wide range of products offering to select from (Brennan, Canning McDowell, 2011, p.171). As a result, firms should not only concentrate on offering high quality products.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, firms should be committed at satisfying discriminating customers. This means that it is paramount for firms to shift from mass marketing and concentrate at aggressive marketing techniques. This can only be attained through integr ation of effective market segmentation strategies. In addition, it is also paramount for organizations to integrate the concept of branding. According to Dunn (2004, p.3), branding is aimed at building a firm’s brand equity which is a key component in a firm’s effort to attain competitive advantage. This increases the probability of firms surviving in the long term as going concern entities. Branding is also paramount in ensuring that the firm attains an optimal market position considering the competitive nature of the business environment. Through market segmentation and branding, a firm is able to establish a long-term relationship with its customers. Aim In this report, the researcher intends to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the concept of market segmentation. The report also entails an evaluation of how organizations apply the concept of branding. Scope The report is organized into two parts. The first part gives an analysis of market segmentation while the s econd part entails how organizations incorporate branding in their operation. Analysis Market segmentation One of the core objectives of business organisations is to maximise their profit (Brennan, Canning McDowell, 2011, p.171). Attainment of this goal is only possible if is firm has integrated customer-driven focus. Over the past 2 decades, firms have increasingly considered the concept of market segmentation as an important element in their marketing success. Weinstein (2004, p.3) defines market segmentation as the process through which a firm partitions its market into small groups depending on the customers’ characteristics and needs. According to Croft (p.2), firms intend to satisfy the consumer’s needs. Currently, adoption of mass marketing can lead into a firm failing. For example, a firm’s margin may be pushed downwards because some needs of a certain category of consumers are not wholly addressed.Advertising We will write a custom report sample o n Market Segmentation and Branding specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This may also give the competitor a winning margin. According to Wedel and Kamakura (2000, p.3), market segmentation is based on the notion that a market is heterogeneous in nature. Therefore, it is possible for a firm to divide the market into small homogenous groups on the basis of the consumers’ desires and preferences. According to Dibb and Simkin (1995, p.10), market segmentation enables a firm to satisfy the diverse consumer needs while at the same time maintaining a certain degree of economies of scale. Market segmentation process For market segmentation to be effective, there are a number of steps that management teams should follow as discussed below. Identification of target market The first step in market segmentation entails identifying a specific target market that it intends to sell its products and services to. This is achieved by conducting a co mprehensive consumer market research on the identified customer group. The research should be aimed at establishing whether the identified customer group have common consumption behaviour (Madaan, 2009, p.75). According to Dibb and Simkin (1995, p.18), identification of the target market is important since it influences the effectiveness of the marketing strategies implemented. Understand the expectations of the target audience For a firm’s products and services to be successful in the market, they must meet the customers’ expectations. Through a consumer market research, a firm can be able to understand the customers’ interests and product requirements. For example, through a market research Kellog which is a firm in the hospitality industry was able to develop a product that targeted customers who intended to reduce their calorie intake. Creating the subgroups Organizations should ensure that they have a comprehensive understanding of the target market. This i s attained by creating subgroups on the basis of various characteristics. One of the ways through which a firm can attain this is by integrating certain market variables. Reviewing the target audience The firm should conduct a continuous review of the consumption behavior of the identified subgroups. This will aid in determining the fluctuations in their product requirement and what triggers it. As a result, the firm will be efficient in adjusting its marketing strategies accordingly. According to Madaan (2009, p.75), consumer demand, interests and perceptions varies frequently. Reviewing the consumers’ behavior will increase the firm’s effectiveness in offering competitive products.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Naming the market segment The firm should name the segments developed accordingly for the implementation to be easier. For example, the segments can either be on the basis of age. Develop market strategies According to Brennan, Canning McDowell (2011, p.171), firms should devise strategies aimed at promoting its products in the specific segments. The promotion strategies formulated should contribute towards development of a connection with the target customers. Determining the size of the market segment This is an important step since it in that it enables a firm to plan its marketing mix strategies well. For this step to be successful, marketers should gather sufficient data from the market. Determining the size of the market will also will also increase the firm’s efficiency in sales planning and forecasting. Forms of consumer market segmentation According to Gitman and McDaniel (2009, p.299), there are 5 main bases upon which a firm can conduct its market segmentation. Th ese include geographic, demographic, benefit sought, volume and psychographic basis. Geographic market segmentation This entails segmenting the total market on the basis of its geographic characteristic such as the size and region of the country, climate and market density. Market density refers to the population or number of businesses in a particular areal. Geographic segmentation enables a firm to meet the regional product preferences of the customers. Demographic market segmentation Demographic segmentation is one of the most commonly used market segmentation strategy. In demographic segmentation, there are different variables that a firm can use to differentiate its products and services offering. These include the consumer’s income, age, gender, education, and household size (Gitman McDaniel, 2009, p.301). Evaluation of the consumers’ demographics can aid in offering products that satisfy the target consumer group. A firm can acquire demographic information of t he population from the census conducted by the government. Benefit segmentation This entails segmenting the market on the basis of the benefits sought by the consumers. Firms should understand the benefits that the consumers seek at attaining by purchasing a particular product. This will enable the firm to be efficient in its product development. For example, Sensodyne toothpaste is targeted at consumers who have highly sensitive teeth ((Brennan, Canning McDowell, 2011, p.171). Volume segmentation This strategy entails segmenting the market on the basis of the quantity of goods purchased. This depends on the consumers’ product usage. According to Gitman and McDaniel (2009, p.301), consumers have varying usage habits which range from heavy, moderate, light to non users. This method of segmentation is best implemented if firms’ understand the consumers’ spending habits. Psychographic segmentation Consumers have different personalities and lifestyle which influenc e their consumption patterns. Psychographic segmentation involves categorizing the customers on the basis of their interest and opinions. According to Gitman and McDaniel (2009, p.301), psychographic market segmentation enhances demographic segmentation. Benefits of segmentation There are a number of benefits associated with market segmentation. According to Croft (p.4), segmentation enables a firm to develop a comprehensive understanding of the consumers. For example, it enhances a firm’s understanding of the consumers needs and their decision making process. This makes it possible for a firm to influence the consumers purchasing patterns. This can be achieved by being efficient in the process of formulating marketing strategies such as promotion, distribution, pricing and product development. Additionally, market segmentation also enables a firm to be effective in adjusting its marketing strategies according to changes in the business environment. The resultant effect is th at the firms’ performance is enhanced. Branding in organizations Due to the hyper-competitive characteristic of the market, both large and small organizations are considering branding to be of high priority. According to Dunn (2004, p.3), branding is currently being considered as a financial and a marketing concept. Organizations have appreciated the fact that branding can contribute towards attainment of a long term competitive advantage. This arises from the fact that a long term relationship with the customers is established. Branding is concerned with developing a desirable feeling or idea in the customers’ minds. In their marketing process, firms intend to appeal the consumers in through consumption of their products(Baines, Fil l Page, 2008). Currently, consumers are faced with a wide range of products to select from in addition to a shortage of shopping time. To differentiate their products from competing products, firms integrate the concept of branding. Dunn (2004, p.4) asserts that branding enables a firm’s products and services ‘to stand out’. Organizations are increasingly being committed at developing a strong brand. The process of branding In their branding efforts, firms take into consideration a number of steps. Market analysis The first step entails conducting a comprehensive market analysis. The analysis is aimed at understanding different market aspects such as the existing and emerging market trends. Additionally, market analysis also aids a firm to understand the competitive nature of the market. In branding a firm should ensure that it considers the customers as the core element. Dunn (2004, p.5) is of the opinion that the most successful brands entail those brands which satisfy the customers’ wants and are easily accessible. To be able to conduct a concrete market analysis, a firm’s management team should conduct a review of the firm’s internal brand information. Trend analysis and evaluation of the current competitive information is also paramount. Brand architecture In formulating their brands, organizations should incorporate a number of building blocks. The building blocks are aimed at creating brand clarity. The initial step should entail building a product to supply in the market. The product should be relevant to the customers and differentiated. The firm should also have long term vision. For example, Wal-Mart was established with the vision of being the finest retailing firm. The brand should also attain a position in the market. This entail the perception of the brand compared to competing products (Baines, Fill Page, 2008). The brand should also target a specific and narrow target market. Firms achieve this by making a decision whether the brand is to be a local, regional or a global product. Brand targeting can also be achieved through market segmentation. After this, the firm should decide on the name to call the product. The brand name enables c ustomers to recognize the firm’s products. The brand name should be catchy, easy to pronounce and remember and unique. Other aspects of branding which the firm should consider developing include brand identity, brand promise, brand emotion, brand quality, brand pricing, brand packaging, brand distribution, brand association, brand credentials and brand message. Brand identity and brand name entails developing a name, symbol or logo that can be used to differentiate a firm’s products. The brand should contribute towards attainment of a unique experience. The big idea The success or failure of a particular brand is dependent on the quality of the ideas which form its foundation. A firm should always have ideas that enable its brand to respond to market changes. The big idea enables a brand to move to the next level. Integrated Marketing Communication After successful development of a brand, a firm’s management team should be committed at ensuring that there is suf ficient market awareness. This can be achieved by conducting a comprehensive market awareness campaign. One of the ways through which firms achieve this is by incorporating Integrated Marketing Communication. According to Brennan, Canning and McDowell (2011, p.171), the strategy entails breaking away from the brick and mortar mediums of creating market awareness and integrating emerging market communication mediums. Some of the marketing communication techniques that the firm should consider include use of public relations, advertising, direct marketing, and sponsorship. Some of the emerging mediums which the firm should consider include use of the internet. The market communication campaign ensures that that the consumers are continually aware of the brands existence in the market. Through IMC, a firm is able to create the intended synergy. Employee involvement Firms which are most successful in branding are those which consider the employees in their branding process. The employee s should be educated about the brand’s overall architecture. For example, they should understand how to defend the brand image. Additionally, they should also understand how they can keep the firm’s brand relevant in the market. According to Dubb, employees form the first contact with a certain brand. As a result, they should be fully incorporated in the process of building the brand. Brand measurement This step entails monitoring the performance of the firm’s branding programs so as to determine their effectiveness. Some of the elements considered in the measurement include the products sales, market share and distribution. To be efficient in measurement, a branding plan that stipulates how the firm intends the brand to be. Some of the brand intangibles that a firm should consider include brand awareness, brand preference, perceived value, customer satisfaction, intent to purchase, brand relevance, intent to purchase, perceived value and intent to repurchase. B enefits of branding According to Baines, Fill and Page (2008), a strong brand penetrates the market more easily and has the ability of influencing the consumers purchasing behavior. Additionally, branding also benefits a firm in that it can be able to incorporate a premium pricing strategy. By developing a strong brand, a firm is able to enhance its brand equity. As a marketing concept, branding can be categorized as being a tangible and an intangible marketing ingredient that enhances a firm’s growth and ability to gain a high market share. Additionally, branding can prevent a firm’s market share from being eroded. With regard to financial perspective, branding enables a firm to generate free cash flow. Developing a strong corporate brand improves a firm’s appeal to investors and financiers. This means that it becomes easier for a firm to source for financial capital externally (Gregory, 2009, p. 3). For example, over the years it has been in operation, Coca Co la Company has managed to develop financial stability as a result of branding. The firm estimates that only 4% of its value is attributable to its machinery, locations and machinery. Ninety six per cent of the firm’s value is attributable to intangible assets one of them being its brand. Similarly, Intel which is one of the largest personal computer manufacturing firms in the world attributes 85% of its value to brand equity (Knox, 2004, p.106). By developing a strong brand, a firm can be able to introduce a new product in the market more cost-effectively. Conclusion From the analysis, the success of a firm is dependent on the effectiveness with which it undertakes its marketing. One of the concepts which management teams should consider incorporating is marketing segmentation. Through segmentation, a firm is able to address the consumers’ needs more effectively. The resultant effect is that its competitive advantage is enhanced. Additionally, a firm’s survival in the long term as a going concern entity is also enhanced by its effectiveness in branding. Branding contributes towards development of a strong and a long term customer relationship. Recommendations For firms to survive in a market characterized by intense competition, it is vital for the management teams to consider integrating market segmentation and branding. To be efficient in their market segmentation and branding, firms should also consider undertaking a continuous market research. The research should target both the customer and the competitor as the core variables. This will enable the firms to adjust their marketing strategies in accordance with market changes. Additionally, their branding process should include both the customers and the employees. Reference List Baines, P. Fill, C. Page, K., 2008. Marketing. London: Oxford University. Brennan, R., Canning, L. McDowell, R., 2011. Business-to-business marketing. Los Angeles: Sage. Croft, M., 1994. Market segmentation; a step by step guide to profitable new  business. New York: Routledge. Dibb, S. Simkin, L., 1995. The market segmentation workbook; target marketing  for marketing managers. London: Routledge. Dunn, D., 2004. Branding; the 6 easy steps. California: Cameron Street Press. Gitman, L. McDaniel, C., 2009. The future of business; the essentials. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage. Gregory, J., 2009. The best of branding; best practices in corporate branding. New York: McGraw-Hill. Knox, S., 2004. Positioning and branding your organization. Journal of Product Brand Management. Vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 105-115. New York: Emerald Publishing Limited. Madaam, K., 2009. Fundamentals of retiling. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. Weinstein, A., 2004. Handbook of market segmentation; strategic targeting for  business and technology firms. New York: Routledge. Wedel, M. Kamakura, W., 2000. Market segmentation; conceptual and methodical  foundations. Boston: Kluwer Acad emic. This report on Market Segmentation and Branding was written and submitted by user Nickolas Watts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reasons for Revolution essays

Reasons for Revolution essays During the years leading to the American Revolution in 1776 there were many influential causes which prompted the Americans to rebel, but some factors were more significant than others. Parliamentary Taxation was undoubtedly the most significant reason for the colonist to rebel, the British placed heavy taxes on imported goods while denying the colonists representation in parliament. Secondly, was the restriction of civil liberties, in reaction to the colonists protest on the taxations, in 1774 Britain passed a series of intolerable acts as direct punishment for the strong protesting. Thirdly, the unnecessary military measures in the colonies, Britain used its powerful military to regulate the colonial trade and control any rebellious colonists. Lastly, was the immense difference in the British and colonial religious and political ideas concerning freedom of religion and forming a constitutional government. Parliamentary taxation was the most significant factor prompting the Americans to rebel in 1776. The British Empire had just claimed victory over the French in the Seven Years War, but was in a great economic debt. Since Parliament needed another economic source they were keen on the idea that the colonies were to help for the war. In order to receive revenue from the colonies, Parliament passed a series of acts putting heavy duties on goods imported into the colonies. The colonists were angered by parliaments decision to tax especially since mercantilism and the Navigation Laws prohibited the colonies from trading with other sources. The first taxation act passed was the sugar act, and shortly followed were the Stamp Act along with the Townshend Tea Tax. The angered colonist protested in massive mobs screaming regarding to being heavily taxed without representation. Although the heavy taxes didnt pay nearly enough for annual costs of military in the colonies, it brought th e colonists closer to ...

Evaluation Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluation Argument - Essay Example 3) The argument is aimed at the general audience, some of whom may have differing opinions about the appropriateness of the pirate costume for a Halloween party. But they need to consider the validity of the costume keeping in mind the historical backdrop of pirates and how pirates still exist today, although in different guises. Some may find other costumes more appropriate and reject the idea of a pirate costume altogether. But the point to be noted for this discussion is that other costumes fail to satisfactorily meet all the criteria. 4) In forming the argument, I aim to base the validity of using a pirate costume from real life historical events and how many of the other costumes are borne from fiction and fantasy and not reality. In researching this topic, I refer to historical records pertaining to the age where much of the world's commerce was derived from ship farers and how high sea robbers spent much of their time chasing these ships for bounty. 5) The argument will be organized by first comparing the origins of some of the other costumes, (whether they came from fantasy or reality) with the pirate costume which is clearly based on historical fact. By focusing on the 'reality' aspect of pirates, explaining the fact that such bandits actually existed in the past, some credibility is given to the idea of a pirate costume. ... The argument will strive to give credence to the pirate, highlight the characteristics of strength, courage and daring that were the hallmarks of a pirate's personality and life. Comparisons will also be made with others costumes, against the different criteria and whether or not they are met. 6) The audience are both readers who like to believe that a pirate is the best costume for a Halloween party and to other readers who think otherwise but who would gain extra understanding from the argument proposed here. PAPER OUTLINE The introduction will enquire as to what is the best costume for a Halloween party and asks as to what are the different criteria to be used to base the argument on. A claim will be made about a pirate costume being ideal for a Halloween party. A selection of different criteria will be stated that are to be met in order for a pirate costume to qualify as being the ideal costume. The body of the final paper will set out to explain what various costumes represent, giving examples about whether the costumes originate from real life or fantasy. Next, the origin of wearing costumes in the context of Halloween is detailed and how the practice came about. Also a mention will be given to the justification of wearing a pirate costume for a Halloween party when clearly a pirate costume was never originally a part of the tradition of Halloween. This part will also look into the liberation a mask or costume can provide and how a pirate costume can enable the wearer to freely act out the role, thus providing some entertainment value. Comparisons with other costumes will also be made, even those that share similar 'qualities' with the pirate costume. A mention will also be given to the link that a pirate's traits has with a